Biosynthesis Mechanisms and Control Strategies of Aflatoxin(黄曲霉毒素的产生机制及污染防控策略)
摘要
Aspergillus flavus is one of widely distributed fungal, which infects crops related foodstuffs and feeds, especially maize and peanut, upon cultivation, storage, manufacture, and transportation. A. flavus produces a lot of toxic secondary metabolites, and among them aflatoxins (AFs), recognized as Group 1 carcinogens, are the most important ones. AFs contamination severely affects food safety, brings huge economic losses and trade disputes. More importantly, AFs have high toxicity, high carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and immune suppression, which severely threaten human and animal health. Therefore, the biosynthesis, regulation, prevention of AFs are the critical and hot points of the research of food safety. This study clarified the AFs biosynthesis process and its related regulatory mechanism, introduced various effective prevention methods, emphasized the effects of environmental factors (light, temperature, water activity, nutrient, pH value, oxidative stress) on AFs biosynthesis, illustrated different regulators involved in AFs regulation, and introduced diverse strategies including physical, chemical, and biological methods for AFs control and prevention, summarized the prevention strategies for AFs contamination, and prospected the key research fields, prevention and control measures in the future.(黄曲霉是一种广泛分布的环境习居菌,经常在种植、贮藏、加工、运输过程污染玉米、花生等富含脂肪酸的粮食及相关食品和饲料,并会产生多种有毒次生代谢产物。其中,黄曲霉毒素是黄曲霉产生的最主要真菌毒素之一,是公认的一类致癌物。黄曲霉毒素污染严重影响农产品质量安全；带来巨大的经济损失和贸易争端；更重要的是,黄曲霉毒素具有高毒性、高致癌性、致突变性和免疫抑制性,严重威胁人畜健康。因此,黄曲霉毒素合成、调控及防控的相关工作一直是食品安全领域的研究重点和热点。阐述已知的黄曲霉毒素产生途径及相关调控机制,并介绍了多种有效的防控手段。重点讨论光照、温度、水活度、营养物质、pH值、氧化胁迫等环境因子对黄曲霉毒素合成的影响及已明确的调控机制；阐明了参与不同环境因子调控毒素合成的关键转录因子；同时分别从物理、化学和生物等不同技术层面介绍了多种有效抑制或降解黄曲霉毒素的方法,总结了黄曲霉毒素污染防控策略；并对今后的关键研究方向和重点防控措施做出了展望。)