西夏語的示證範疇
摘要
The Tangut language, a member of the Sino-Tibetan language family, is renowned for its preserved ancient written records, making it a crucial subject in comparative linguistic studies. While Tangut shares grammatical features with Qiangic languages, the existence of an evidential category has been a contentious issue. This study, grounded in typological and extensive textual analysis, establishes the presence of evidential markers in Tangut, encoding three primary evidential meanings : direct evidentials (first-hand information), inferential evidentials (deductions based on evidence), and reportative evidentials (information from external sources). Direct evidentials are marked by the suffix -djij2, indicating sensory perceptions such as visual or auditory experiences. Inferential evidentials employ -sji2 to convey conclusions based on indirect observations or logical reasoning. Reportative evidentials further differentiate between high-credibility sources with explicit references and low-credibility, often mythical accounts. These are represented respectively by the markers -･jɨ1/･jɨ2 djij2 and -･jɨ1/･jɨ2 This article also investigates the origins and development of these evidential markers, emphasizing their grammatical and functional roles within Tangut. The study reveals that the direct evidential marker -djij2 is associated with the progressive aspect and may originate from the verb djij2 meaning “used to.” The inferential evidential marker sji2 is derived from the perfect aspect. Additionally, the low-credibility reportative evidential marker originates from the speech verb ･jɨ1/･jɨ2, while the high-credibility reportative evidential marker is formed by combining the direct evidential marker -djij2 with the quotation marker-･jɨ1/･jɨ2, which itself originates from the same speech verb. The analysis draws on extensive Tangut texts, including religious scriptures and vernacular writings, to illustrate the grammatical application of these markers. Examples demonst