軍校生恆毅力概念建構與量表發展研究 Conceptualization of Grit and Grit Scale Development for Military Cadets
摘要
基於近年對恆毅力（grit）理論架構與其運用領域具高度爭議性，本研究主要目的是建構與驗證我國軍校生恆毅力概念內涵，並且編製「軍校生恆毅力量表」（Military Cadets’ Grit Scale,MCGS）。研究共區分四項子研究：研究一採問卷調查法，邀請442名軍校生填寫Grit-S量表（恆毅力短量表）（Duckworth & Quinn, 2009），發現量表結構不適配；研究二採用深度訪談法，訪談高恆毅力者及低恆毅力者計四名，分析結果發現我國軍校生恆毅力內涵與Duckworth等人 （2007）所提出的二階雙因子概念有所不同；研究三使用概念構圖法，邀請20名軍校生建構軍校生恆毅力內涵，經多元度量法與集群分析將結果區分成五個子概念；研究四則依前述結果編製「軍校生恆毅力量表」，邀請3,520位軍校生接受紙筆自陳式問卷調查。經各項分析檢驗後，本研究發現：一、軍校生恆毅力量表為「目標認同」、「人際支持」、「自我效能」、「成長思維」、「正向因應」等五個子因素所組成的二階因素結構。二、軍校生恆毅力量表整體模型檢定合理適配，且具有良好的信度與效度。三、軍校生恆毅力量表具備良好的外在效標關聯效度。四、軍校生恆毅力現況研究分析發現男性恆毅力高於女性；學生年級與軍校生恆毅力程度愈正比。最後，本研究提出相關建議供未來研究與教育方案擬訂參考。 The concept of grit was first proposed by Duckworth et al. (2007) and categorized into two types: “Consistency of Interest” (Grit-CI) and “Perseverance of Effort” (Grit-PE). These authors developed the Grit Scale (Duckworth et al., 2007), which was later adapted into the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009). Grit can improve students’ academic performance and predict future behavior (Cosgrove et al., 2018; Eskreis-Winkler et al., 2014; Park et al., 2018). Some military studies have reported that grit is significantly related to soldier performance. Eskreis-Winkler et al. (2014) determined that grit, intelligence, years of education, and physical performance could predict the training pass rate of United States Army Special Forces soldiers, with grit exhibiting the strongest predictive ability. The United States Military Academy undertook a series of studies and concluded that the most critical factor affecting the successful completion of cadet basic training was grit (Maddi et al., 2012). Most researchers maintain that grit is a real concept; however, some dispute the accuracy of available scales. The correlation between Grit-CI and Grit-PE is low, and they cannot be combined into a high-level factor. Grit is also problematic because of its domain-related and cultural limitations (Credé et al., 2017). Therefore, before we can apply the concept of grit, we must identify its role and validat