Recent advances in bone regeneration using adult stemcells
摘要
Bone is a highly vascularized tissue reliant on theclose spatial and temporal association between bloodvessels and bone cells. Therefore, cells that participatein vasculogenesis and osteogenesis play a pivotalrole in bone formation during prenatal and postnatalperiods. Nevertheless, spontaneous healing of bonefracture is occasionally impaired due to insufficientblood and cellular supply to the site of injury. In thesecases, bone regeneration process is interrupted, whichmight result in delayed union or even nonunion ofthe fracture. Nonunion fracture is difficult to treatand have a high financial impact. In the last decade,numerous technological advancements in bone tissueengineering and cell-therapy opened new horizon inthe field of bone regeneration. This review starts withpresentation of the biological processes involved inbone development, bone remodeling, fracture healingprocess and the microenvironment at bone healingsites. Then, we discuss the rationale for using adultstem cells and listed the characteristics of the availablecells for bone regeneration. The mechanism of actionand epigenetic regulations for osteogenic differentiationare also described. Finally, we review the literature fortranslational and clinical trials that investigated the useof adult stem cells （mesenchymal stem cells, endothelialprogenitor cells and CD34＋ blood progenitors） for boneregeneration.