複製或不複製？——基因複製的倫理震撼
摘要
LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.複製人實質上就是複製活過或仍活著的人的基因組合。本文嘗試就下列五方面探討體胞核移植法在人類身上的應用所引起的社會倫理問題。（一）基因等同：兩個人是否可以共有同一基因組合？（二）基因歷史：複製者的基因並非是一個新的、獨特的基因組合。這基因曾有的（即被複製者的）歷史對複製者是否有負面影響？（三）基因傳遞方式：無性生殖方式的基因傳遞對複製者是否有負面影響？（四）基因複製風險：複製帶給複製者什麼風險？（五）基因複製權：基因複製權衍生出什麼倫理問題？對全面支持複製科技在人類的應用的論者來說，複製只是另類生殖方法，提供人多一個生殖途徑的選擇。複製對他人並無傷害，對社會沒有負面影響。既或有任何傷害或影響，也都是可以接受的。因此，在一般的情況下，複製人科技不應該遭受社會的禁止。本文的討論顯示這是過度樂觀的看法。以「基因複製產生身分混淆」的反對說法固然不成立。然而，基因通往的歷史，無性生殖的方式，複製初階的風險，以及棘手的基因複製法律問題及由此再衍生的倫理問題等，這些對複製孩子，人倫關係，家庭結構及社會穩定所可能造成的負面衝擊和嚴重傷害是不容忽視的。複製人科技即使可行，也應該在極嚴格的監管下進行。更重要的是，複製人的社會倫理震撼是國際社會的共同關注。因此，複製人的支持者必須對國際社會的深切關注與廣泛責難提供強而有力的證據與回應。在國際社會對複製人仍有極大疑慮時即勿促容許複製人的出現，肯定是極不負責任的做法。To clone or not to clone? Having successfully cloned animals, should we clone human beings or should we ban human cloning? This paper explores some ethical concerns brought on by the possibility of human cloning. The cloning specifically referred to here is the asexual reproduction of a human by somatic cell nuclear transfer.Five concerns are discussed. The first is genetic equivalence and identity. The second is genetic history and individual autonomy. The third is asexual reproduction. The fourth is experimentation risks. The fifth is cloning rights.Genetic-Cloning not Person-CloningOne main objection to human cloning arises from equating genetic reproduction with person reproduction. Because the clone derives his genes from the cloned, it is feared that cloning will make carbon copies of people. Although genetic reproduction will produce clones that resemble the cloned biologically, the two are different persons just as monozygotic twins are. External factors such as the environment, experiences and culture also shape a person. Human cloning will not call back the dead nor immortalise the living. It is in fact genetic cloning but never person cloning. It is not achievement cloning nor virtue cloning. The objection is based on genetic reductionism.Genes with a HistoryHuman cloning is sometimes equated with