晚清时期执权居士创制“心理(学)”一词的考察
摘要
<p id="C2">Chinese scholar <italic>Zhi Quan Ju Shi</italic> [执权居士] originally created <italic>Xin Li (Xue)</italic> [心理(学)] as the name of psychology or mental philosophy in 1872, which was earlier than Japanese scholar Amane Nishi’s usage of <italic>Xin Li Xue</italic> [心理学] in 1875. This paper argues that late Qing Dynasty’s <italic>Chi Ping Sou</italic> [持平叟], <italic>Zhi Quan Ju Shi</italic> [执权居士], <italic>Chi Ping Zi</italic> [持平子], <italic>Chi Ping Ju Shi</italic> [持平居士] and <italic>Gong Dao Lao Ren</italic> [公道老人] were the same person, whose real name was Zhu Fengjia [朱逢甲]. A well-educated scholar, Zhu had rich knowledge in Chinese traditional culture. Meanwhile, through helping a few Western missionaries to establish a newspaper in China, Zhu had contacts with western disciplines and gained a sense of modern knowledge system. In an 1871 article on anthroposophy, Zhu used the words <italic>Xin Zhi Li Yu Shi</italic> [心之理与事] the laws and facts of the mind) from a perspective of psychology, laying out the basis for his coinage of the term <italic>Xin Li Xue</italic>. The interaction between Chinese and Western knowledge constituted the cultural context in which Zhu created the term <italic>Xin Li Xue</italic>. However, Zhu’s coinage of the term did not have the same degree of influence as the one by Amane Nishi. <p id="C2-1">During the late Qing Dynasty, with the import of psychological knowledge, Western missionaries and Chinese intellectuals created the following names for the subject: <italic>Ling Hun Xue</italic> [灵魂学] used by W. Lobscheid in 1868 and E. Faber in 1873. <italic>Xin Ling Xue</italic> [心灵学] used by C.W. Mateer in 1876 and Yan Yongjing in 1889; <italic>Xin Cai Xue</italic> [心才学] and <italic>Xin Xing Xue</italic> [心性学] by Yan Yongjing 1882. <italic>Xin Xing Xue</italic> was also used by J. Edkins in 1886. <italic>Xing Qing Xue</italic> [性情学] was used by H. B. Loch in 1886. <italic>Xin Xue</italic> [心学] was used by Yan Fu [严复] in 1895. <italic>X