藉公共領域建立自主性（下）：對華人政治優位性傳統的反省
摘要
This article examines the Chinese schemes of the distinction public/private and aims to find a way out of the Chinese politics-centered, monolithic tradition. The following problems are investigated: Why government/people was seen as equal to public/private? Why it was so difficult to build a division of public/private realms in the consistent order from family via state to the world (tianxia)? How the disparaging of the private impeded the development of society? Why the yin/yang duality structure was so popular? Why both the critical public sphere that was guided by the idea of the holy king and the representative public sphere that was constituted by public activities of local gentries could not result in a change of societal structure. In addition to an analysis of the correspondences and interactions between the public/private semantics and the societal structures in the feudal city-state society, the great literati-clan dominated society and the gentry society, this article indicates that there were a reciprocal causality between these historical developments and the tradition of political primacy. Furthermore, this article explains how this tradition caused an inappropriate overestimation or underestimation of politics in the situation of functional differentiation today's, so that the public affairs cannot be adequately dealt with according to the fact. To perfect the function of the public sphere as institutionalized mechanism of observations of second order is a possible escape of this predicament, because it represent not only the different views in the environment, but can also function both as an operating dynamic and as an integrative mechanism of multiplex unity. But an actual autonomy is only realized, it is argued, when we not only enhance the competence of society for self-organization and discourse formation from the polycontextural viewpoint, but also transcend the Chinese tradition that viewed being together as publicity, actively develop the pu