Energy and Environmental Aspects of an FPSO for LNG Production
摘要
The floating production unit HLNG FPSO-1 has been evaluated with respect to its energy consumption and emissions to air, and improvement potentials within the same context have been suggested. The thesis describes theory of combustion of natural gas, emission calculations, energy consumption of compressors and theory of fuel gas consumption for gas turbines. A literature study of LNG processes suitable for offshore applications has also been included. The CO2 emissions from the HLNG FPSO-1 add up to about 6% of the CO2 emissions from the Norwegian oil and gas industry (2005), which is a noticeable amount. However the energy content in the LNG produced over one year from the FPSO-1 count for ca 35% of the yearly energy consumed related to oil and gas extraction on the Norwegian continental shelf. This illustrates that even though floating LNG production is energy intensive and the resulting amounts of greenhouse gas emissions (as CO2) are substantial, the LNG holds significant amounts of energy, which is a result of the 600-fold reduction in volume when the natural gas is liquefied. Two different availabilities of the topside processes FPSO-1 exist and are calculated by Det Norske Veritas. The lower availability is based on a no-flare philosophy, which is considered not to be relevant for the project in the further development. The reason for this is that a strict no-flaring philosophy is not desirable from an operational point of view, and that duplication of every equipment item which handles hydrocarbon streams is not a realistic design alternative. Therefore the higher availability which allows some flaring during normal production is used for all the suggested improvement potentials. Based on two different future oil prices (a high and low scenario), the value of the LNG produced, as well as the value of the additional LNG produced as a result of higher availability of the FPSO-1 are calculated. Two design changes of the LNG liquefaction process as a result of a